/b>
The annexation of Texas in 1845 was the immediate cause
of the war. Other factors lending up to the war was America's
ambition to acquire New Mexico and California (Manifest Destiny), and the
desire to extend slave-holding territory. (Note:
There is no doublt special legislation is needed to counter all the anti
Hispanic Legislation which the Municipal, Country, State and Federal Governments
have enacted for the past 150 years or more)
-
1861, During the 1860s, Tiburcio Vásquez, Joaquín
Murieta, and others are branded as bandits for resisting the seizure of
American Hispanic lands in California.
-
1865: Under provisions of the 1862 Homestead Act, Land
speculators acquire American Hispanic land by using squatters to claim
the land illegally. This land was obtained illegally with the aid
and might of the U.S. Government against their own American Hispanic citizens.
-
The "Tejanos" (American Hispanics in Texas) suffered
outright repression from the Texas Rangers, who were known as the "Hispanic's
Ku Klu Klan".
-
1850 California: The new
comers grew jealous of the experienced Mexican-Californio
miners, and In 1850, the new legislature (with the might of the Federal
U.S. Government) enacted a burdensome "Foreigner Miner's Tax" of $20.00
per month. This new tax was aimed at the American Hispanics and the
Spanish speaking Californios, enforced by volunteer armed new comers.
Many of our mining terms, like bonanza and placer are Spanish in
origin by the way.
-
Up to the at least the 1940s, Southwest Arizona, Utah, Colorado,
New Mexico and California: Birth certificates for American Hispanics did
not indicate they were American born. A new born of American Hispanic
origin (those who had been here for centuries included), was *born
in Mexico* or *Mexican* instead of American.
-
1850, four thousand Hispanic miners gather in Sonora,
California, to protest the Foreign Miners' Tax, which was enacted to drive
them from gold fields. Many Hispanics could not afford the extra
taxation and left.
-
1851 California counties with the highest Hispanic
populations were taxed at a rate five times greater than any other region
in the state. Many Hispanics could not afford another extra tax,
and left.
-
1854, the takeover of American Hispanic lands: The
Surveyor of General Claims Office is established in New Mexico (includes
Arizona) but cannot process claims fast enough to prevent the takeover.
Loss of over 75% of Hispanics lands from illegal or legal offical means.
A violation of the TGH.
-
1855 Laws are enacted in California to prohibit many cultural
pastimes of the American Hispanic population.
-
1855 California. Soon the Anglos dominated the state
legislature, enacting the tax and laws like the 1855 Greaser Act, which
defined vagrants as (quote) "all persons who [were] commonly known as 'Greasers'
or the issue of Spanish or Indian blood."
The "Greaser" Act. A anti-vagrancy act by the State Legislature Excludes
"Diggers" (Indians) but includes persons of mixed Spanish and Indian blood
or "Greasers".
This Law was intended to keep Hispanics from owning the
mines, and provided
another justification for expropriation of American Hispanic
lands.This racist epithet is all too well known to date, which started
with ordinary people, and made law in the California State Legislature
1855.
-
1855, California The anti-Catholic Know-Nothings organize
and hold a state convention in Sacramento.
-
1855, California, The Legislature refuses to provide funds
for translation of state laws into Spanish despite the fact that 1) The
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidaldo provides for the protection and guarantee of
the conquered Spanish speaking Americans, 2) the majority of the
State's inhabitants are of Spanish speaking extraction.
-
1857, California: Former delegate to the State Constitutional
Convention Manuel Dominguez is barred from testifying for the defense in
The People vs. Elyea because he is a mestizo. (Note: using
mestizo was a way to separate Hispanics and keep them from uniting,
this was and still used today in the southwest. Many whites considered
Hispanics from the acquired western states as "inferior to
Indians and Africans because they were racially mixed, a hybrid
race that represented the worst nightmare of what might become of the white
race if they let down their racial guard".)
-
1855 Anglo businessmen attempt to run American (Hispanics)
teamsters (wagon-drivers) out of south Texas, violating the guarantees
offered by the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo.
-
1857, Anglo businessmen try to push American Hispanic
teamsters out of south Texas, violating the guarantees of the Treaty of
Guadalupe Hidalgo.
-
1858, Miners and settlers move into Colorado in search of
silver, forcing more Hispanic Americans from their land.
-
1800s - 1900s the western U.S. lynchings of American Hispanics
were common on a daily basis.
-
1862, The Supreme Court rules in favor of Daly City "squatters".
The Homestead Act is passed in Congress, allowing squatters in the southwest
to settle and claim American Hispanic lands. This was common in California
and the southwest.
-
1863 Arizona: Anglo segment was becoming numerical
dominant. Anglo Arizonans were, for the most part, preoccupied with controlling
the large American Hispanic population politically.
1889 Northern Arizona: The 1889 Taylor Grazing Act:
this law enacted was responsible for the elimination of the sheep
industry in Concho, Arizona whose owners were primarily Spanish speaking
sheep herders and Native Americans.. Concho,
once a thriving Spanish speaking community , with the loss of the sheep
industry left Concho and vicinity, in an almost helpless condition,
and started its decline and loss of population.
.
Southwest, Arizona, New Mexico: 75% of
American Hispanics lost their land in the late 1800s and beginning
of the 1900s through illegal and "legal" methods. The "legal" methods
land was lost is due to the language. The Character (language) of
the Southwest was/is Spanish, however land owners were not permitted
to argue their case in the Spanish language. All lawyers in
the S.W. at that time were Spanish speaking. The U.S. Government brought
in English speaking lawyers for the landowners and hence ended up with
the land owned by the Spanish speaking landowners.
1848: Land had been the basis of the California socio-economic
system. With the loss of land after the U.S. conquest undermined
that system. The protections provided by the Treaty of Guadalupe
Hidalgo were ignored by the U.S.
Holders of Spanish and Mexican land grants, most of whom
were American Hispanics, were required to seek legal confirmation of their
titles.
The federal government placed the burden of proof
on the landowners instead of automatically accepting all titles and then
handling challenges on an individual
basis. In direct contradication to the protection
by the TGH.
1883 (May 12) Phoenix, Arizona: Phoenix merchants
signed an agreement to receive Mexican currency only at the rates of: dollars,
80 cents; halves, 40 cents; quarters, 20 cents.
Late 1800s, Northern Arizona (New Mexico at the time), my
ancestor Marcos Padilla
Baca was the Justice of the Peace when the first English speakers entered
the region. The American Hispanics helped the interlopers with
shelter and food, and were soon repayed by enacting
laws which would put American Hispanics and Native Americans out of
business.
1884 Texas, there were daily lynchings of Hispanic Americans
in the area around Fort Davis, Texas; many
Anglos voiced the opinion that the lynchings should continue until no Hispanics
remained in the area. Lynchings were a tool of racial oppression
elsewhere in the Southwest as well; in California, lynching of Hispanics
became so common that in the Hispanic community, American democracy became
known as "linchocracia."
(From Vernellia R. Randall Professor of Law, and
Luis Angel Toro).
1898 Morenci - Clifton, Arizona: There was a
prospect of trouble between American Hispanics and Anglos at Clifton and
Morenci. The outbreak of racial conflicts was based on the sympathy of
the Hispanics towards Spain in her troubles abroad.
.
-
In his Living History Newsletters Rick Collins writes, "
Most Americans are not aware of the role of Spain in the settling of the
New World, nor are they cognizant of the important contributions
of Spain to the defeat of the British during the American Revolution. In
his book, Entrada, Bernard Fontana suggests an underlying
prejudice toward Hispanics as cause of part of that ignorance.
Certainly the Leyenda Negra, or "Black Legend", so strongly touted by the
Protestant governments of the Old World helped suppress Spain's contribution
to American history.
http://www.neta.com/~1stbooks/rick1.htm
If you know of laws, et that discriminate against
Hispanics, please provide the information here 1stbooks@neta.com
Back to Laws which discriminate against Hispanics
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"Character" of the U.S-Southwest | Character
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Mandate Spanish in Schools | NM-AZ
Constitution Defined | Important
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Americans lost 75% of their Property Rights The Forgotten Conquered
People | U.S-Mexico
Border Tribes |
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Indigenous People | Guadalupe-Hidalgo
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