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SAVING PRIVATE JOSE: MIDWESTER
MEXICAN AMERICAN 19
SAVING PRIVATE JOSE: MIDWESTERN
MEXICAN AMERICAN MEN DURING WORLD WAR
II1
Richard
Santillan
California State
Polytechnic University,
Pomona
Over the years, several movies
have been produced highlighting the
contributions of American
servicemen during World War II. With rare exceptions,
most of these films ignore the
major contributions of Mexican Americans2.
Mexican Americans have clearly
distinguished themselves during combat, erasing
any lingering doubts about their
loyalty to the United
States. It is estimated that
nearly 500,000 Mexican Americans
served during World War II. Mexican American
women also played a major role
both on the homefront and in the military.3
Wartime has been a mixture of
both unmeasureable pain and unforeseen
opportunities for the Mexican
American community. Many Mexican American
men have either been killed or
seriously wounded on foreign battlefields, and
families have suffered physical
separation from their loved ones too many times.
Yet, wartime has provided
Mexican Americans the opportunity to become U.S.
citizens, purchase new homes,
attend college, acquire new voting rights, and
learn leadership skills. The
G.I. Bill, for example, allowed Mexican Americans to
attend college and learn skilled
jobs, as well as break the cycle of housing
discrimination by purchasing
federally-owned homes outside their segregated
community. All of these
opportunities triggered a new wave of political activism
beginning in 1946.
Mexican Americans from
throughout the United
States served in World War
II, enlisted in all branches of
the military and fought with relentless tenacity in
major campaigns around the
globe.4 For the Midwest Mexican American
community, wartime has
especially been a mingled time of intense family love,
ranging from military moments of
glory, to deepest loss of love ones. Over the
years, the Midwest Mexican
American community has paid tribute to the women
and men who served their nation
both in peacetime and wartime. This article is
an attempt to portray, in part
at least, the indomitable fighting spirit of the Mexican
American soldier and the
numerous ways in which the Mexican American
community has remembered its
heroes.
Introduction
World War II provided an
opportunity for a second generation of Midwest Mexican men
to fight in the defense of their
country. These young Mexican American servicemen
distinguished themselves by
their grace and courage in World War II and brought increased
respect and pride to their
communities. These men were not martyrs but ordinary mortal
beings responding to a noble
cause. For patriotic Mexican American men living in isolated
rural communities during World
War II, there were no local recruiting stations, so they collected
money from their family and
friends for the bus or train fare to get to the nearest big city to enlist.
They enlisted in Detroit, Chicago, Des Moines, St. Louis, Toledo, Gary, Milwaukee, Bethlehem,
Kansas City, Omaha,
St. Paul, and East Chicago. Thousands of young men of Mexicandescent
and a handful of women enlisted
or were drafted into all the branches of the military.
Most Midwest Mexican communities
saw nearly all of their young men serving overseas during
the war years. Many families
also had nearly all their older daughters working in defense
plants. Almost all the homes in
the Mexican American communities had stars posted on their
windows, indicating the number
of men and women from that particular household who were
serving in the armed forces.
Military enlistment became socially contagious as young Mexican
20 RICHARD SANTILLAN Fall 2001
American men saw their close
friends joining the Army, Navy, and Marines; so they too wanted
to be part of the national
military effort. A few of them even lied about their age because they
wanted a chance to defend the United States.
As an added inducement, the United
States
government offered U.S.
citizenship to all legal residents serving in the military, and some
Mexican-born men wanted to take
advantage of this policy.
Language diversity was obvious
among Mexican American service personnel in the
camps. There were Mexican
Americans who were monolingual in English, monolingual in
Spanish, and bilingual. There
were regional dialects, including Calo,
southwestern Mexican
American slang. Moreover,
Mexican Americans shared similar stories about discrimination.
They were surprised that
discrimination was so widespread against them no matter where
they lived, and they vowed with
all their heart that they would return and positively change their
community for themselves and for
the next generation. This contact between Mexican
Americans from throughout the
nation was very significant in the history of the Midwest
community because it instilled
the notion that the Mexican people were a national ethnic
group, transcending their local
neighborhoods. For the majority of Midwest Mexican Americans,
their world became bigger as
they did their basic training in such states as Texas,
California, New
Jersey, Washington, Maine, Florida, Utah, Mississippi, Alabama, and North
Carolina. Longtime friendships between
Mexican Americans from various geographical
regions would continue after the
war and have immense political implications on the post-
World War II civil rights
movement.
Most Mexican American
servicemen, having finished basic training, returned home
briefly to visit their families
and friends before being shipped overseas for combat duty. After
an emotional farewell in the
morning to family members and friends, young, war-bound
servicemen and servicewomen
would be driven typically to the bus or train depot, where
another tearful scene would take
place between family members and close friends. Some
Mexican American couples also
decided to marry before the men left. It was simply a case of
love triumphing over the harsh
reality that some of these brides could quickly find themselves
widowed.5 After a final
good-bye, the young men would leave by bus or train to the west or
east coasts, where a ship or
airplane would be waiting to take them to battle. These men saw
themselves as honorbound to prove their courage and loyalty on the
fiercest battlegrounds.
On the ships, they attended
church services, wrote letters to their loved ones, and played
Mexican music with their guitars.Most of them had never been on a ship before,
let alone in
a foreign country. Invariably,
some Mexican Americans became very homesick or seasick or
both. It took weeks for them to
arrive at their final destinations.
The Battlefield
Between 1941 and 1945, Midwest Mexican
American servicemen upheld the rich
tradition of defending the
nation as they spanned the globe and fought in North
Africa, the
Pacific, the Mediterranean, the Philippines, Sicily
and Italy, Normandy, Burma,
the Ardennes,
and Central
Europe—the toughest of the tough battles. They served as
Seabees, combat
engineers, anti-aircraft
gunners, artillery men, Coast Guard sailors, infantry, military policemen,
medics, cooks, bakers, signal
corpsmen, pilots, navigators, and special services
personnel. Paul Monzon from North Platte,
Nebraska, for instance, was a Navy guard
in Brazil
protecting the U.S. Embassy.
Louis Sanchez of Dodge City, Kansas
joined the Army Corps of Engineers. In June of
1943, Louis was 20 years old
when the war called him. He learned to build bridges, and found
out very quickly that the
Marines don’t land first—the engineers do. He noted that due to their
bilingual abilities and their
Hispanic surnames, several of the Mexican American soldiers were
treated very well by the local
European villagers.6 His wife’s two brothers were killed in the war.
SAVING PRIVATE JOSE: MIDWESTER
MEXICAN AMERICAN 21
Augustine Rocha from Kansas City, Missouri
stated that many Mexican American men saw
action very quickly. During
World War II, he saw action on D-Day and at the Battle of the Bulge:
I left Camp Shanks, New York
as an infantry replacement on Friday, May 13,
1944 and landed in Liverpool, England
in time for the invasion of Normandy
on
June 6, 1944. Crossing the short
distance between England
and France
took all
night and part of the next day.
We were on an English ship and faced murderous
fire from the German Air Force.7
Many Midwest Mexican Americans
fought at the D-Day invasion. Robert Vasquez from
Kansas City fought with the Second Infantry
Division from Normandy to central Europe and
earned five battle stars.8 Paul
Ybarra of Wellington, Kansas
landed on Omaha
Beach on DDay
as part of a reinforcement unit
for the first waves that had taken heavy losses. He said
that as they landed, they saw
countless bodies either floating in the water or covering the entire
beach. Mr. Ybarra said there was
no time to stop because of the intense firepower by the
Germans. A few days later, they
met deadly fire from the enemy and, in the confusion,
American planes accidentally
killed most of the men in his unit.
Because his unit was almost
depleted, Mr. Ybarra served as the head scout, a position
designed to draw fire from the
enemy in order to pinpoint their location. Mr. Ybarra was
seriously wounded and spent
nearly a month in the hospital. For his actions, Mr. Ybarra won
the Purple Heart with cluster,
the Bronze Star with cluster, and the Gallantry in Battle Medal.
After his recovery, he went back
to the front lines and was wounded again while coming to the
aid of a wounded comrade. He was
sent back to the hospital for 30 more days. Mr. Ybarra also
had two brothers who served in
World War II, and he noted that his parents were extremely
proud to have three silver stars
posted on their window. In 1994, France presented Mr. Ybarra
and other American veterans a
medal commemorating the 50th anniversary of the Normandy
invasion.9
Mexican American soldiers also
fought in the Pacific campaign. Leonard Mejia was born
in Kansas City, Kansas
in 1920. He was a switchboard operator in the South Pacific and
served with the First Marine
Division that successfully assaulted Japanese strongholds in
Tulagi, Gavutu,
Tanamlogo, Florida, Guadacanal, and
the British Solomon Islands. In one
critical battle, he volunteered
to aid another man in laying out two telephone lines across nearly
300 yards of open terrain where
enemy 75mm and 105mm shells were landing. Mr. Mejia later
helped in the evacuation of
several wounded men. Because of his brave deeds, he won
several medals, including the
Bronze Star.
Cirilio Artega,
who was born in Wichita,
Kansas in 1924, was assigned
as a scout in
Okinawa. His main duty was also to draw
fire from Japanese snipers in order to pinpoint their
locations. He said that he
survived only because the Japanese snipers, instead of killing him,
waited until the main units were
in place before firing. Mr. Artega had two
brothers who served
in the Pacific—Louis who fought
in New Guinea and Luzon and Robert who was wounded on
his birthday on September 10,
1942.10 Several Mexican American servicemen also served in
the Navy. Russ Cuellar’s brother
Jay, for example, served in the Navy along with 10 other
Mexican American boys from Newton, Kansas.11
Many Mexican Americans served in
the air war during World War II. Joseph L.
Belman, who was born in Lockport, Illinois
in 1924, was drafted into the Army in 1943 and was
trained as a gunner. He
completed 35 combat missions on a B-17 Flying Fortress. Mr.
Belman’s job was to make sure the bombs
were secured and dropped in good order. He added
that there were many close calls
as several of his planes were seriously damaged during the
bombings over Germany.
Mr. Belman noted that his bombing missions
included most of
22 RICHARD SANTILLAN Fall 2001
Germany. As a result of his military
record, he received 5 oak leaf clusters to the Air Medal and
three battle stars to the
European Ribbon. His crew won two Distinguished Unit Citations. Mr.
Belman returned to the United States
in April of 1945 and was discharged in October of the
same year.12
There is also the story of
Charles “Chuck” Garcia from Omaha,
Nebraska. Mr. Garcia was
born in Jackson City, Nebraska
in 1921. After graduating from high school in 1940, he married
and moved to East Chicago, Indiana,
looking for work at Inland Steel Company. In 1943, he
reported to the military and
trained as an aircraft engine mechanic. He was assigned to the
839th Bomb Squadron, 487th Bomb
Group, 3rd Bomb Division, 8th Air Force, and sent to
England. During his overseas tour, he
flew 35 missions and was award several medals,
including the Air Medal with
three oak leaf clusters, four Bronze Battle Stars, and the
Distinguished Flying Cross. Mr.
Garcia returned to the U.S.
with rank of Staff Sgt., and helped
train new pilots and combat
crews. He later had five sons who served in Vietnam with one
being killed in action.13
There is also the unparalleled
story of Santor “Smiling Sandy” Sanchez, born in Joliet,
Illinois, and raised by his grandmother.
During the Depression he worked for the Civilian
Conservation Corps after high
school. At the age of 18, Mr. Sanchez enlisted in the Army Air
Force and was trained as a
gunner on a B-17 Flying Fortress bomber. He flew many bombing
missions, sometimes two on the
same day, between the fall of 1943 and the spring of 1944.
He was entitled to stop after
flying 25 missions but volunteered to fly until he had flown 44
missions. He flew more combat
missions than any other American flyer.
During his missions, he shot
down half a dozen Nazi fighter planes and received a chest
full of ribbons and medals,
including the Distinguished Flying Cross, Silver Star, Soldier’s
Medal, and Air Medal with 10 oak
leaf clusters. The Solder’s Medal was won for his bravery
when he jumped inside a runaway
airplane and saved it from crashing into a hanger. The 8th
Air Force had even named a
flying fortress the “Smilin Sandy Sanchez” with
the hero’s
caricature painted on the
fuselage. He was the first American flyer to be honored with such
a tribute. After his combat tour
of duty, he was stationed in the United States and then decided
to return to the front lines and
flew an additional 22 missions for a grand total of 66. Mr.
Sanchez’s last letter home to
his grandmother arrived on March 13, 1945. Two days later, his
plane was lost over Germany.
Four of the crew bailed out and became prisoners of war. In
October of 1945, Mr. Sanchez was
officially declared dead. His body was never recovered.14
Mexican American served with the
Tank Corps as well.
Alfred Serrato
of Chanute,
Kansas, served under General George
Patton with the 3rd Army Tank Corps. Mr. Serrato
was
in constant combat for nearly 37
days as a tank rifleman-scout before he was seriously
wounded. In 1993, he received
his belated Purple Heart-fifty years after being shot.15 Pete
Zamorano of Wichita, Kansas also served
with the 3rd Army Tank Corps under the command
of General George Patton. Mr. Zamorano landed on Omaha Beach
one month after D-Day,
his unit driving deeper and
deeper into Europe against intensified
German resistance. In one
fierce battle, his tank was hit.
As Mr. Zamorano climbed out of the tank he was
wounded. In
another bloody battle, he saved
the life of another soldier whose tank had been seriously
damaged. For his wartime deeds,
Mr. Zamorano received several medals, including
one
bronze star with cluster and the
Purple Heart with cluster. In 1996, the mayor of Saint Lo,
France presented medals to the
American men who had liberated his town, including Mr.
Zamorano.16
As a result of their railroad
background in civilian life, many Mexican American men
worked on the railroads during
their war years. Carlos Saenz of Peabody,
Kansas, was
SAVING PRIVATE JOSE: MIDWESTER
MEXICAN AMERICAN 23
assigned to the 729th Railroad
Battalion, Company A. He landed on Omaha Beach,
two weeks
after D-Day, to build railroad
lines to continue the fight deeper and faster into Europe.17
Overseas, Mexican American
sometimes ran into friends or met soldiers from other units
and asked how their friends from
back home were doing. Pete Zamorano of Wichita, Kansas,
remembered seeing his friend
Paul Flores in France, who was coming back from the front lines
with his unit. When they met,
they gave each other an abrazo, an
embrace. Mr. Zamorano said
they talked a while and then
stared at each other one more time, not knowing whether they
might see each other alive
again. Sometimes, Mexican American soldiers gave handwritten
messages to other soldiers to
personally deliver to their friends. Needless to say, it was
devastating when Mexican
American solders learned second-hand that a hometown friend
had been killed or taken
prisoner.18
Mexican Americans Killed in
Action
The Midwest Mexican American
community suffered terrible casualties and heartwrenching
deaths. The savagery of war took
its heartbroken toll on families, especially mothers and
wives. Tragedy so overpowering,
shocking, and deeply painful. Several Mexican American
men lost their lives in World
War II, both on the battlefield and in military accidents at home.
As the war dragged on, many of
the silver stars on the windows of grief-stricken residences
were replaced by gold
ones-indicating family members killed in action. Black wreaths were
placed on the doors of Mexican
homes. Nearly every Mexican community in the Midwest
lost
sons in World War II.
Ironically, when they brought home the bodies, the caskets, which were
draped with both the Mexican and
American flags, sometimes had to be carried to the church
because the streets in the
segregated Mexican communities were not paved and the rainsoaked
mud prevented the hearse from
driving to the church.19
Several Fort Madison, Iowa,
Mexican Americans were decorated with honor. Two of them
killed in the South Pacific
Theater. Twenty-four Mexican American soldiers from the greater
Kansas
City area were killed in action between l941 and l945. The
city of St. Louis, Missouri
was home to five Mexican
American men who died in battle, while the town of Chanute,
Kansas had four of its young Mexican
men killed in World War II. Teresa Moreno of Kansas
City, Kansas sadly recalled that:
My father was killed in World
War II. He had four brothers in the service with
him. I was only four years old
when he died. His brothers took his loss very hard
and never fully recovered
emotionally from his death.20
To be a five-star family during
World War II was considered an American honor. But it also
meant that the chances of having
a son killed was extremely high according to several people
who lost brothers. Some of the
people who suffered losses were Guadalupe Sandoval and
Lucy (Manzano)
Moreno of Sterling, Illinois,
and Mike Valente of Rock Falls, Illinois.21 Mr.
Sandoval had two brothers who
served in World War II and one was lost in action. Mrs. Moreno
was born in Arizona in 1930. Her brother Tom was
killed in action in 1944. She recalled the
gold star that was posted on the
house indicating her brother had been killed in action. Her
two sisters worked in
war-related industries. Mr. Valiente was born in
Sterling in 1922. He and
his brother Louis served in
World War II. His brother was killed at the Battle of the Bulge. Mr.
Valente’s sisters Alice and Helen worked
in a munitions plant while his wife JoAnn worked
at
a local steel mill.
The Mexican communities in East
Chicago and Gary, Indiana, together lost 14 young
Mexican Americans while
Milwaukee lost four, and St. Joseph, Missouri, lost two. And many
others were lost from Mexican
American communities throughout the Midwest.
24 RICHARD SANTILLAN Fall 2001
A handful of Mexican families in
the Midwest tragically lost more than one son in the
war. Ray Rangel of Topeka,
Kansas recalled that:
The Rangel family of Topeka
included six brothers who served in World War
II and Korea. John was killed in
Luzon in the Philippines while his brother Jose was
killed only six days later.
Needless to say, the grief was unbearable. All of us had
grown up together, gone to the
same schools, hanged [sic] around as teenagers.
We were one big extended
family.22
Other Mexican American brothers
made the supreme sacrifice. Petra Rodriguez of
Dodge City, Kansas discussed the
sacrifices of her brothers during the war:
Robert, a member of the l0th
Army Infantry, was killed in France on July 2l,
l944....he was cut down in
fierce fighting that followed the invasion of Normandy.
Rudy, a member of the 9th
Engineers, was wounded on July 4, l944, recovered,
and was sent back to the front
lines. He died on December 3l, l944, in the Battle
of the Bulge. Mike, another
brother, served as a member of the 3rd Armored
Division. He was injured, but
survived shrapnel injuries to his legs.23
Ila Plasencia
of Des Moines, Iowa lost two brothers during the war and said:
One of my brothers died in the
Philippines. He survived the Death March but
died in a prison camp. Another
brother was killed during pilot training here in the
states. Their deaths stunned the
entire Mexican community of Des Moines. We
also lost Ray Martinez from
nearby Newton, Iowa.24
The Mexican community in
Davenport, Iowa, lost two brothers, Ralph Vasquez of the
U.S. Army infantry and his
brother Albert, U.S. Army airborne. Silvis, Illinois lost brothers Frank
and Joseph Sandoval, ten months
apart; Frank was killed on the Burma Road, while his
brother Joseph died in Germany.
Their brother, Tony Sandoval, observed that his brothers’
deaths were not in vain and,
instead, opened the doors of opportunity after the war. 25 He
noted, for example, the positive
changes for the community because of both the G.I. Bill and
Mexican Americans becoming part
of the union ranks. He said that there were citizenship and
voter registration campaigns
during the late 1940’s and early 1950's in the Mexican
community. In addition to the
Sandoval brothers, four other Mexican American men from tiny
Silvis, Illinois, lost their
lives.26
Besides those killed in action,
there were many stories of fate and luck. One such
person is Alfredo R. Lopez of
Wichita, Kansas. Mr. Lopez graduated from bombardier school
as a 2nd Lt. and was assigned to
a light bomber group, the only Mexican American among a
B-17 crew of ten. He said he
prayed a lot and carried the Medal of Our Lady of Guadalupe
around his neck. His first bombing
run was over France hitting German installations. His plane
also dropped supplies over
Russia to aid the Polish underground’s war of resistance against
the Nazis. One day, Mr. Lopez
substituted for another bombardier who could not join his crew
during a bombing operation. In
return, the substitute took Mr. Lopez’s place the next day on
Mr. Lopez’s plane. As fate would
have it, Mr. Lopez plane was shot down and several crew
members were killed including
the substitute bombardier. Mr. Lopez eventually made 31
combat flights, the last one
bombing oil refineries deep in Germany. Mr. Lopez retired from
the Air Force as a major in
1979.27
SAVING PRIVATE JOSE: MIDWESTER
MEXICAN AMERICAN 25
Mexican American Prisoners of
War
Other unsung heroes included a
small group of courageous Mexican American men
held as prisoners of war. These
included Rupert Lona of Kansas City, Missouri;
Joseph
Artega, Benny Rodriguez, and Salvador
Chavez of Topeka, Kansas; Luis Paredes and Joe
Gomez of Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma; Eddie Graham of Hutchinson, Kansas, Antonio “Tony”
Gonzales of Deerfield, Kansas;
Manuel Robles of Garden City, Kansas; and Joe Lopez of
Davenport, Iowa.28 Gonzales died
in a POW camp. Other POW’s from Kansas and Missouri
included Ted Pantoja,
Moses Lopez, Gene Martinez, Tony Espinoza, Augustin
Mora, and
Tony Rivera.
John Sanchez was taken prisoner
when Corregidor fell to the Japanese. He remained
a
prisoner of war for two years
after which the War Department reported him as missing in action
and presumably killed.29 Lt.
Trinidad O. Rios, a former resident of North Platte and Scottsbluff,
Nebraska was also captured by
the enemy. He was held as a POW from March of 1944 until
May of 1945. He was awarded the
Air Medal.30 Nick Hernandez of Wichita, Kansas, was a
prisoner of war for nearly three
years after he was captured in Italy.31
Another Death March POW was
David Chapa of St. Paul, Minnesota. Simon Velasquez,
also from St. Paul, was a German
POW and was interned in the infamous Stalag 17.32
A
Mexican American POW from
Topeka, Kansas, vividly remembered his time as a German
prisoner:
We were found by the Germans and
taken prisoners. We traveled first by
truck and later by train to a
prison camp in Germany. This camp held 3,500 military
prisoners from many nations. Our
living conditions were terrible, with no heat,
poor clothing, and little to
eat. We had to sleep three abreast on wooden bunks.
We were liberated on April l5,
l945, by the English after five months of detainment.
We had a feeling of great joy as
we ran toward the gates to meet our liberators.33
World War II Honors
Mexican Americans distinguished
themselves as brave defenders of democracy on the
battlefield during World War II.
Nationwide, 250,000 Mexican Americans suffered casualties
while demonstrating their sheer
bravery and fortitude.34 These battle wounds included bullet
and shrapnel wounds, blown-off
limbs, malaria, burns, frostbite, and the emotional and
psychological horrors of war
including shellshock. The vast majority of wounded Mexican
American servicemen returned to
the states on hospital ships. Hospital wards in the United
States were filled with Mexican
American soldiers waiting for the long period of convalescence.
Mike Morado
of Kansas City spent barely two months in France but still suffers from
nightmares, trapped by the
horrors of war. He was a scout behind German lines in eastern
France. His job was to draw fire
from the Germans and, thus, expose their positions. He also
gathered intelligence from
French citizens regarding German positions. Mr. Morado
was
wounded. He earned the Combat
Infantryman’s Badge, and the Bronze Star. Forty years later,
he returned to France to visit
the site where he had been shot so long ago.35
Many Mexican men were wounded
more than once. On April 16, 1942, Nick Castillo from
St. Paul, Minnesota, was drafted
into the army at Gibbong, Minnesota. Mr. Castillo
was
assigned to the Second Division
which later participated in the D-Day invasion in Normandy
on June 6, 1944. Shortly after
the landing, Mr. Castillo was wounded. Several weeks later, he
was wounded again. The second
time was much more serious and he was returned to his
parents in St. Paul.36
26 RICHARD SANTILLAN Fall 2001
Midwestern Mexican Americans, as
a group of servicemen, were highly decorated during
the war. The heroic group of
young Mexican Americans from Depue, Illinois, was
typical of
most Mexican American
communities, earning such medals and decorations as the Purple
Heart, the Asiatic-Pacific
ribbon, the Philippine Liberation Medal, the Victory Medal, the
American Campaign ribbon, the
European-African Theater ribbon, the European-African-
Middle Eastern ribbon, the
Combat Infantry Badge, the Distinguished Unit medal, the
Meritorious Unit Award, and the
American Defense ribbon. The tiny Mexican American
community of Hershey, Nebraska
sent over 40 men to war. This group alone won 9 Purple
Hearts, two Bronze Stars
(Raymond Reyes and Andrew Contreras) and one Silver Star (Sisto
Briseno). Rick Arrellano
had been recommended for the Silver Star for bravery, but his captain
died before full confirmation of
his fearless actions. Instead, Mr. Arrellano
received the Bronze
Star.37 In Garden City, Kansas, Ezequiel Ledesma and Manuel
Robles came home highly
decorated. Nick Ortiz earned
five Bronze Star decorations for combat in Italy and North
Africa.38 Sgt. Albert Barreiro of East Chicago, Indiana, was killed coming to
the aid of a fallen
buddy on December 15, 1944 at Leyte Island. He was awarded the Silver Star for his
heroic
act.39
Overall, Midwest Mexican
Americans have won at least five Congressional Medals
of Honor in various wars. Pvt.
Manuel Perez, who was born in Oklahoma City and lived in
Chicago before the war, was one
of the soldiers who won the Medal of Honor. He volunteered
for the airborne infantry and
was assigned to Company A, 511 Parachute Infantry of the 11th
Airborne. Pvt. Perez
distinguished himself twice in combat, on February l3 and March l4, 1945.
Perez killed 18 Japanese single
handily during these assaults, and perhaps more than 75
counting those who had been
killed by his grenades:
It was on March 14 while on
patrol in enemy territory that he was killed. Facing
heavy rifle and machine-gun
fire, Perez immediately volunteered to protect the
withdrawal of the other men in
his patrol. He was mortally wounded while
exchanging fire with the
enemy.40
Every year, the Mexican American
G.I. Forum of Oklahoma City places a wreath at the
grave site of Manuel Perez Jr.
Sgt. Veto R. Bertoledo
of Decatur, Illinois, also won the Congressional Medal of Honor
during World War II. He killed
40 Germans in Hatten, France on January 9 and 10,
1945 while
serving with the 42nd
Division.41 In addition to the Congressional Medal of Honor, several
Mexican Americans earned the
Silver Star or the Bronze Star, given for valor. According to
Lando Valendez
of Des Moines, Iowa:
On July 1, 1944, in Shubert, France, three other G.I.’s
and myself captured
a German bunker and took 47
prisoners. On July 12, 1944, I was wounded. I was
also part of the American forces
that liberated the concentration camp of Dachau,
and I couldn’t believe the
horrors we discovered. I later received the Silver and
Bronze Stars and the Purple
Heart.42
All of the Mexican American men
and women interviewed for this article vividly remembered
where they were and what they
were doing when they heard the news that the long
ordeal of war had finally ended.
Needless to say, there were many tears of bittersweet joy.
Charles Garcia of Omaha,
Nebraska distinctly recalled that:
I was serving in Europe when we
learned that the United States had dropped
the atomic bomb on the Japanese.
We knew that the war was finally over. I prayed
about coming home and seeing my
family. I was both happy and sad, because I was
alive but at the same time so
many young men had given their lives for our country.43
SAVING PRIVATE JOSE: MIDWESTER
MEXICAN AMERICAN 27
Mr. Garcia was born in Jackson,
Nebraska in 1921. He served in England during the war
as a flight engineer for both
B-17s and B-24s. He became active with the post-war civil rights
movement. Also, Sam Moreno
remembered when the war ended because he was preparing
for the invasion of Japan.44 Mr.
Moreno’s family had three brothers in the service. He served
in the navy off Africa. He was
preparing to invade Japan by land when the war ended. After
the war, he retired from a steel
company after 41 years of service.
Summary
The year 2000 marked the 55th
anniversary of the end of World War II which has rekindled
renewed appreciation from the
Mexican American community for the women and men who
safeguarded our nation during
this troublesome time. As a result, several Midwest Mexican
American communities have held
celebrations and other special tributes to the people who
defended this country so
gallantly over a half century ago. For example, a banquet was held
in Kansas City, Missouri
honoring World War II veterans. The 1994 fiesta in Newton, Kansas
was also dedicated to the
contributions of Mexican American women and men during World
War II.45 The local museum in
Newton hosted a photo exhibit highlighting the impressive war
record of Mexican American
servicemen as well as Mexican American defense workers. North
Platte, Nebraska saluted its
veterans in 1990 with the theme “From the Beet Fields to the
Battlefields.”
World War II was a bittersweet
experience for Mexican American men in the Midwest.
Mexican American soldiers
returning from overseas were discriminated against in education,
employment, housing, the legal
system, voting rights and public accommodations. The war
caused great physical and
emotional trauma for thousands of Mexican men and their families.
Yet, World War II marked a
political and social turning point, as returning Mexican American
servicemen were now determined
to win, once and for all, their civil rights. Thus, after all their
sacrifices, they would assert,
along with Mexican American women, their right to full American
citizenship at home. In 1945,
the entire Mexican community was rejoicing and looking forward
to a brighter future.
1This article is an excerpt from
an unpublished manuscript titled, “Cuentos
y Encuentros: An
Oral History of Mexicans in the
Midwestern United States, 1900-1979.” Many of the
individuals cited are now
deceased. This article is dedicated to their memory and wartime
contributions.
2World War II movies which have
generally ignored Mexican Americans include The Longest
Day, Back to Battan,
Steel Helmet, To Hell and Back, The Flying Tigers, The Best Years
of Our Lives, Iwo Jima, Saving Private
Ryan, Halls of Montezuma, The Guns of Navaro,
and the Thin Red Line.
Rare exceptions after the 1940's included Giant, The Guy
Galderban Story, and The Dirty Dozen. As
a result of the Good Neighbor Policy in the
1940's, Hollywood did make a
handful of films depicting Mexican American Servicemen
including: Air Force, The Human
Comedy, Battle Ground, Objective Burma, Medal for
Benny, Battan,
and Guadalcanal Diary. In recent years, independent Chicano filmmakers
have released a handful of
movies depicting the role of the Mexican American servicemen
during World War II, including Memories
of Hell, The Men of Company E, and Hero Street.
3Santillan, Richard (1989 and
1995) “Rosita the Riveter: Midwest Mexican American Women
During World War II, 1941-1945,”
Perspectives in Mexican American Studies, Mexicans
In The Midwest, Vol. 2, and
“Midwestern Mexican American Women and the Struggle for
Gender Equality: A Historical
Overview, 1920s-1960s,” Perspectives in Mexican American
Studies: Mexican American Women,
Changing Images, Vol. 5, Mexican American
Studies and Research Center, The
University of Arizona, Tucson.
28 RICHARD SANTILLAN Fall 2001
4Lopez, David A, (1998). Saving
Private Aztlan: Preserving The History of Latino
Service In
Wartime. Unpublished paper,
1998, p. 1, author’s files.
5Gomez, Hazel (personal
communication, September 11, 1994), Topeka, Kansas.
6Rhoads, Paula (1998) “Former
Mayor A Walking History Book,” Dodge City Daily Globe,
1992. Back home from the war,
Louie Sanchez followed in his father’s footsteps by
working for the railroad because
he figured it would be a lifetime job. But as diesel engines
replaced steam locomotives,
which required less people for service between stops, the
railroad companies began dismissing
workers. Two months short of 10 years and a
pension, the railroad terminated
Louie from a job he had worked “ten days a week” as a
result of double shifts every
other day.
7Rocha, Augustine (Augie) (personal comunication,
February 19, 1987) Kansas City, Missouri.
8Martinez, Ricardo L. (written
communication January 2, 1999) Kansas City, Missouri.
9Ybarra, Paul (personal
communication September 4, 1998) Wellington, Kansas.
10Artega, Cirilo
(personal communication September 15, 1998) Wichita, Kansas.
11Cuellar, Russ (personal
communication September 16, 1998) Newton, Kansas.
12Belman, Joseph L. (written
communication April 2, 1998) Lockport, Illinois.
13Garcia, Charles (personal
communication, author’s files) Omaha, Nebraska. Also see the
G.I. Forumeer,
March/April, 1995, p. 9.
14Whiteside, John 1992, February
13 and 1994, August 30) Joliet Herald-News entitled “Sandy
Sanchez was a real hero and he
was one of our own,” and “Sandy Sanchez—tough times
couldn’t stop him,” . Also
Feldman, March ( 1993, November 4) “Honors sought for
Hispanic war hero Sanchez,” Joliet
Herald News.
15Butcher, Stu
(1993, November 27) “Local Vet Surprised With Medal,” The Chanute
Tribute.
16Zamorano, Pete (personal
communication September 15, 1998), Wichita, Kansas.
17(1994, June 1) “D-Day: Marion
County was Represented: Veterans Share Stories of
Campaign,” Marion County
Record, author’s files.
18Zamorano, Pete (personal
communication September 15, 1998) Wichita, Kansas.
19 Terronez,
Joe (personal communication June 21 and 25, 1986), Silvis, Illinois. Mr.Terronez
noted that Vicente Ximenes, who served as Executive Director of the
Mexican American
Affairs Office during the
Johnson Administration, led the federal effort to support the
renaming of 2nd Street to Hero
Street in Silvis, Illinois. On October 31, 1971 Hero Street
was dedicated with the help of
both major political parties. The two Sandoval families of
Silvis, Illinois, for example,
sent thirteen boys to both World War II and Korea. Three of the
young men were killed in combat.
20Moreno, Teresa (personal
communication February 28, 1987) Kansas City, Kansas.
21Sandoval, Guadalupe (personal
communication May 27, 1987), Sterling, Illinois; Valiente,
Mike (personal communication
March 24, 1987) Rock Falls, Illinois; and Moreno, Lucy
(Manzano)
(personal communication May 27, 1987) Sterling, Illinois.
22Rangel, Ray (personal
communication February 13, 1987) Topeka, Kansas.
23Rodriguez, Petra (personal
communication June 24, 1988) Dodge City, Kansas. Ms.
Rodriguez was born in 1904. The
small city of Chanute, Kansas, lost four men including
Phillip Gutierrez, an
outstanding baseball player.
24Plasencia, Ila
(personal communication June 17, 1987) Des Moines, Iowa. Also Rodriguez
Cipriana (personal communication January
13, 1987) Garden City, Kansas. Njila, Manuel
(personal communication April
25, 1987) Aurora, Illinois. His brother Jesse was killed in
the South Pacific while another
brother Porfilio was wounded. A younger brother,
Robert,
was wounded in Vietnam. Also
killed during the war was Joe Hernandez of Davenport,
Iowa. Pete Macias (written
communication April 4, 1998) Davenport, Iowa.
SAVING PRIVATE JOSE: MIDWESTER
MEXICAN AMERICAN 29
25Sandoval, Tanilo
(Tony) (personnal correspondence June 21, 1986)
East Moline, Illinois.
26Terronez, Joe (personal
communication June 25, 1986) Silvis, Illinois. Also Martinez,
Vallentin (personal communication May 18,
1987) East Chicago, Indiana, and Garcia,
Manuel (personal communication
March 23, 1987) Sterling, Illinois.
27Lopez, Alfredo R. (personal
communication September 15, 1998) Wichita, Kansas.
28Lona Jr., Wesley H.(personal
communication June 5, 1987), Kansas City, Missouri. Also
Rodriguez, Cipriana
(personal communication January 13, 1987) Garden City, Kansas.
29Rocha, Augustine (Augie) (written communication February 7, 1996) Kansas
City, Missouri.
30Laguna, Albert (written
communication January 11, 1999) San Jose, California.
31Zamorano, Pete (personal
communication September 16, 1998) Wichita, Kansas.
32Coates, Nicha
(personal communication 1998) St. Paul, Minnesota. Two other Mexican
American soldiers from St. Paul,
Nick Castillo and Conrad Vega, fought at the Battle of the
Bulge.
33Topeka’s 55th Anniversary issue,
author’s files. The Mexican community of Topeka lost
several men in World War II.
34Limbert, Claudia (1978, June
15) Invisible People: The Mexican Community In Newton,
Kansas, A Research Paper
Presented to the Department of History, Bethel College, North
Newton, Kansas, p. 43. Martinez,
Robert (personal communication, April 4, 1998) Davenport,
Iowa.
35Dos Mundos,
(1989, October 15-18), p. 14, author’s files.
36Ramirez, Joan E. (1998,
March), “Nicolas Castillo ‘El Rey Del Corrido’ The Life and Times
Of A Man And His Music,” La Voz, , p. 9.
37North Platte Telegraph,
(1993, April 3) author’s files.
38Avila, Henry (1997) "The
Mexican American Community In Garden City, 1900-1950,"
Kansas History: A Journal of the
Central Plains, Vol. 20, No. 1.
39Vasquez, Robert (written
communication 1998), East Chicago, Indiana, author’s files.
40Morin, Raul (1966) Among
the Valiant: Mexican Americans in World War and Korea, Borden
Publishing Company, Alhambra,
California, p. 2l6. See Torres, Ruben (1991, February),
“The Legion Remembers Manuel
Perez,” American Legion Magazine. Other publications
focusing on the contributions of
Mexicans during World War II include Allsup, Carl
(1982),
The American G.I. Forum: Origins
and Evolution,
The University of Texas Press; Austin,
Ramos, Henry A.J. (1982), A People
Forgotten, A Dream Pursued: The History of the G.I.
Forum 1948-1972, American G.I. Forum,
Washington, D.C.; and U.S. Defense Department
(1984), Hispanics In American
Defense, U.S. Assistant Secretary of Defense,
Pentagon.
41Ibid., p. l67. Also,Amaro, Candelario
(personal communication January 21, 1987) Dodge
City, Kansas. Mr. Amaro served in the Pacific during the war and became
very active with
the post-war civil rights
movement. Dominguez, Linda (written communication July 29,
1994) Gary, Indiana.
42Valendez, Lando
(personal communication) Des Moines, Iowa. Also Boyos,
John G.
(personal communication March 7,
1987) Chanute, Kansas. Mr. Boyos won the Bronze
Star in the Pacific.
43Garcia, Charles (Chuck)
(personal communication June 2, 1987) Omaha, Nebraska.
Also,Zuniga, Manuel (personal communication
June 5, 1987) Kansas City, Kansas. Mr.
Zuniga was born in Mexico in
1913 and fought in World War II between 1942-1945.
44Moreno, Sam (personal
communication May 27, 1987) Sterling, Illinois.
45Olais, Ray (telephone
communication) Newton, Kansas, author’s files.
30
RICHARD SANTILLAN Fall 2001
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